Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Biomineralized outer membrane vesicles for synergistic immuno-photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro assessment. Conditions for cellular binding under various conditions by CLSM and flow cytometry. (A) SCC7 cells were incubated to OCC at equivalent Ce6 concentrations of 1.0–2.5 μg/mL for 8 h at pH 6.4; an additional group treated with 2.5 μg/mL OCC (equivalent Ce6) was established at pH 7.4 as a control. (B) SCC7 cells were incubated with OCC (2.5 μg/mL Ce6) at pH 6.4 for periods ranging from 1 to 8 h.

Article Snippet: Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from MedChem Express (China); DMEM/F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were all purchased from Gibco (USA); LB broth was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: In Vitro, Binding Assay, Flow Cytometry, Incubation, Control

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Biomineralized outer membrane vesicles for synergistic immuno-photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro evaluation of the biological effects induced by OCC. ROS level detection, Live/Dead staining, apoptosis, and in vitro activation of immature dendritic cells. SCC7 cells were treated with PBS, OMV, Ce6, OC, OCC for 8 h, with an additional OCC group at pH 7.4; all groups were set with 660 nm laser irradiation and non-irradiation controls. (A) Cellular ROS level determination by DCFH-DA method. (B) Fluorescence microscopy images of SCC7 cells stained with Calcein-AM/PI. (C) Apoptosis detection of SCC7 cells. (D) In vitro activation of dendritic cells.

Article Snippet: Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from MedChem Express (China); DMEM/F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were all purchased from Gibco (USA); LB broth was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: In Vitro, Staining, Activation Assay, Irradiation, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Biomineralized outer membrane vesicles for synergistic immuno-photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo biodistribution and homotypic targeting evaluation in BALB/c mice ( n = 3) administered with Ce6 and OCC. BALB/c mice ( n = 3 per group) were administered with Ce6 or OCC to evaluate in vivo biodistribution and homotypic targeting of the formulations. (A) Analysis of in vivo biodistribution of fluorescent nanoparticles. (B, C) Ex vivo imaging of major organs and corresponding quantitative evaluation. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. * P < 0.05 between two groups.

Article Snippet: Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from MedChem Express (China); DMEM/F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were all purchased from Gibco (USA); LB broth was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, Imaging, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: Biomineralized outer membrane vesicles for synergistic immuno-photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antitumor efficacy in SCC7 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice ( n = 5) after tail vein injection of different formulations. SCC7 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 8 groups and treated via tail vein injection: PBS group, PBS + Laser group, Ce6 group, Ce6 + Laser group, OMV group, OC group, OCC group, and OCC + Laser group. The administration dosage of Ce6, OC, and OCC was equivalent to Ce6 at 2.5 mg/kg, while the dosage of OMV was 30 μg per mouse. (A) Photographs of excised tumors after different treatments. (B) Dynamic changes in tumor volume. (C) Tumor weights recorded on Day 11 at the end of treatment. (D) Body weight changes of mice in different treatment groups. (E) Representative pathological sections of tumor tissues stained with H&E, Ki-67, and TUNEL. (F) H& E -stained sections of major organs. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ns indicates no significant difference; inter-group comparisons: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from MedChem Express (China); DMEM/F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were all purchased from Gibco (USA); LB broth was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Injection, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Molecular Therapy Oncology

Article Title: Virus-based IFNγ gene delivery and photodynamic therapy cooperate to remodel the tumor microenvironment and suppress breast cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.omton.2025.201124

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of chlorin e6 (Ce6) photodynamic treatment on cancer cells (A) Viability assay of 4T1 cancer cells treated with different concentrations of Ce6 (0–3 μg/mL) and irradiation intensities (1–5 J/cm 2 ) ( n = 4); (B) Ce6/LED treatment (0–10 μg/mL, 5 J/cm 2 ) induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured by fluorometry of ROS-sensitive H 2 DCFDA dye ( n = 3); (C) flow cytometry analysis of Ce6 uptake, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization detected by staining with Annexin V, and surface exposure of the immunogenic cell death marker calreticulin (CRT) after Ce6/LED treatment (3 μg/mL, 3 J/cm 2 ) in a monolayer 4T1 cell culture model ( n = 3); (D) flow cytometry analysis of Ce6 uptake, PS externalization detected by staining with Annexin V, and surface exposure of CRT after Ce6/LED treatment (0–5 μg/mL, 3 J/cm 2 ) in a 4T1 spheroid cell culture model ( n = 3). In (C) and (D), CRT exposure is shown as the percentage of CRT-positive cells. (E) GFP fluorescence intensity of 4T1/GFP spheroids following Ce6/LED treatment, measured by fluorometry. ( Left ) 4T1/GFP spheroid was irradiated twice ( n = 16); ( right ) 4T1/GFP spheroid was irradiated 7 times ( n = 12). RFU, relative fluorescence units. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Chlorin e6 (Ce6; Cat. No. Ce6; Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT, USA) was dissolved in DMSO to 10 mg/mL.

Techniques: Viability Assay, Irradiation, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Marker, Cell Culture, Fluorescence